And benjamin w



(No Model.) 3.Sheets-Sheet 1. J. S. BALDWIN 80 B. vW. BRADFORD.

' .HOT AIR ENGINE. No. 355,633. Patented Jan. 4, 1887.

JIM/anions" meg aidyw'n, flen aznznglfirad rat T-ERS. Plumb-Lithographer. Washington.

(No Model.) '3 Sheets-Sheet 2.

J. S.-BALDWIN & BIWJBRADFORD.

HOT AIR ENGINE. V

No. 355,633. Patented Jan. 4, 1887.

s l H r f I 0 W 1| 5, '1 I! I 1"5' I N e'I, M f. Q R a b .24:

I i I". I) 3 4 I a i I: I ll coo 1 000 1' l I H @0000 E C'oaZer g n+ ii k I g i H 51 5oz,- E o R v 5 i 83? 3 If??? If Q9868. F !.1 I E W Y 1: 1' I I 1% I L :Qll'll 8 X y M ii: Pi 5. s

#0555686 v enter.

(No Model.) I v 3 sh eets sheet 3. J. S. BALDWIN & -B. W. BRADFORD.

, 110T AIR ENGINE.

Patented Jan.- 4, 1887.

UNITED STATES PATENT UEEIQE.

JAMES S. BALD\VIN, OF NEVARK, NEW JERSEY, AND BENJAMIN \V. BRAD- EoR OF NEW YORK, N. 'Y., ASSIGNORS A. EARRAND, or NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

HOT-AIR' ENGINE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters PatentNo. 355,633, datedJanuary 4, 1887.

7 Application filed May 2, 1985.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, JAMEs SBALDWIN and BENJAMIN W. BRADFORD, citizens of the United States, the first residing at Newark, in the county of Essex and State of New Jersey, and the latter in the city of New York, county of New York, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Hot-Air Engines; and we do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exrive their power from the expansion of gas; and

it consists of certain new or improved methods or processes that may be employed in operating said engines or in connection with said operation, substantially as hereinafter set forth, and finally embodied in the clauses of the claim.

The mechanism hereinafter described will notbe claimed in the present application, but is reserved as the subject of a separate appli cation.

Referring to the accompanying drawings,

included in three sheets, in which like letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in each of the several figures, Figure 1, Sheet 1, is a front elevation showing in a general view the relations of the several parts. of one form of said improved engine. .Figs. 2 and 9 are sectional views illustrating different modifications of construction in avessel for generating power, and Fig. 3 shows a device that may be used as an equivalent for a counterbalance-weight. Fig. 4, Sheet 2, isa front view of the working portions of the engine shown in Fig. '1, the power-generating vessels A A together with the regenerators R B, being in section to illustratethe arrangement Serial No. 164,158. (No model.)

of parts therein; and Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating the position of a certain crank-pin TO THEMSELVES, AND SAMUEL when the various displacements of the liquid and gas take place within the generators. Fig. 6, Sheet 3, is a vertical longitudinal section of one of said generators in connection with a regenerator and actuating displacing mechanism. -Fig. 7 is a sectional view of a coil by means of which heat may be supplied to the hot chamber or removed from the cold chamber of said generators; and Fig. 8 is a sec tional view of a supplemental chamber or extension, taken through'line x of Fig. 5.

In said drawings, A A are generating-vessels or chambered receptacles adapted to hold liquid and gas for the generation of power, said power being generated or evolved from the heat contained in the liquid, and thence transferred to the gas. These generators or generating-vessels are made, preferably, of plate metal and of cylindrical shape, although other shapes may be used, if desired. .Said

' generators are divided, preferably longitudinally, by partitions 12 b into chambers of the desired size, the chamber H being for hot liquid and chamber 0 for cold liquid. Chain her H is here shown about one-half the size of chamber 0, although these proportions may be varied. Each chamber is supplied,preferably, with about equal quantities of liquid and the remainder of the space with gas, said liquids and gas being retained and operated continuously or over and over within said vessel. The said partitions are secured to the generating-vessels, and are made, preferably, 7

of sheet metal combined with any suitable non-conducting material.

provided with an opening or passage-way, bf, which is preferably a large rectangular orifice. Amovable head or partition, D, is arranged, preferably longitudinally, in chamber 0, and is or may be secured to the rock-shaft D by the arms D, or by any other means.

secured to all the edges of the head D, and also Said head or partition is preferably made of or faced with The partition b is to the partition if, so as to entirely surround the orifice 1), forms a corrugated bellows-like structure, B, open to the hot chamber, but closed to the cold chamber. This bellows. on opening, receives the hotliquid from chamber H through the orifice b and on closing returns it through said orifice to said hot chamber,

' said orifice being the only means of ingress or extended so as'to move in contact with the intherein, the hot and cold eating longitudinal movement of material and the said partition 12*.

egress to or from the interior of said bellows. The opening of said bellows diminishes the space for the cold liquid in chamber 0, thereby causing said liquid to fill said chamber and transfer the gas therefrom into the hot chamber H. 1

The flexible material, instead of being arranged in the aforesaid bellows form, may be constructed in the shape of a bag, the partition or head D forming the bottom or end and the orifice b the mouth thereof. In this case the head D may, if desired, be so shaped and arranged on the arms D as to pass through the orifice b, and thereby empty the contents of said bag into chamber H at each returning movement of said head. The said flexible material may beenti rely dispensed with, asin Fig. 2, and the outer edge of the head D be terior surface of the generating-vessel, thereby separating the hot liquid from the cold. The movement of said head, acting as an oscillating or vibrating partition, imparts the same oscillating movements to said liquids and gas, displacing and replacing each alternately. In this case the partition b may likewise be dispensed with, the oscillating partition orlhead D performing the function of the said flexible Fig. 11 shows still another arrangement of the inte rior parts of a generating-vessel, in which the liquids and the head D, instead of moving crosswise of said vessel, move longitudinally liquids being separated from each other by the head D, attached to the rod t, aband, d, provided with suitable packing, being secured to the inside of the generating-vessel so as to encircle said head D. Ifpreferred, the said head D may in this arrangement be connected bya suitably-flexible material tothe band d, forming thereby a bellows-like structure, substantially the same as that hereinbefore described. The reciprothe said bellows or head D will alternately displace and replace each of the said liquids. As the liquids in each of these varieties of generators are used as mediums for moving the gas, any device employed for displacing and replacing said liquids will thereby cause said liquids to transfer thle gas from the hot chamber to the cold and from the cold chamber to the hot alternately.

Each ofthe chambers H and G contains an absorbiug-paol consisting of a series of sub divided or perforated parts arranged so as to be exposed to the gas and the liquid of their respective chambers. These absorbing-packs so as to divide more or less completely the body of gas or liquid into a series of sheets, films, or thin sections, and thus cause each portion of said gas to come into immediate contact with some part of the said pack, thereby at once raising or lowering the temperature of said body of gas to that of the pack with which it is in contact. The very great extent of absorbing and conducting surfaces supplied by either variety of these packs and the subdivision a-nd intimate com mingling of the gas with said surfaces which may be thereby cffected furnish, in' connection'with the liquids,

the means of alternately heating 'and cooling said gas with the utmost rapidity, and thereby largely increase the efficiency both of the generators and the engine. these packs are employedto absorb heat from the liquid and transmit it tothe gas, while in the cold chamber they absorb the heat from the gas and transmit it to the liquid. The periodic immersing of said packs in the liquids of. their respective chambers, or their contact with said liquids, maintains them at approximately the same temperature as the said liquids. The said packs are preferably arranged so as to be dipped or exposed to the action of the liquid and the gas alternately; but they may be employed without such alternating action by placing one end or part of said packs in permanent contact with the liquid and leaving the other end or part to be acted on by the gas Portions of the upper section of said packs may be omitted, as illus trated at C, Fig. 6, to provide channels for the more easy transfer of the gas from the hot or cold chamber through a regenerator, B. The said regenerator is provided with absorbing-packs, which may be of similar material to any of those described for usein the hot or cold chambers. One endor part of the re generator is in communication with the hot chamber, and is thereby kept hot, and the other end or part is in communication with the cold chamber, and is thereby kept cold. The function of the regenerator is to absorb and withdraw the heat from the gas when it is passing from the hot to the cold chamber, thereby cooling the gas before it enters the cold chamber, and likewise saving the heat, and to restore the said heat to the gas on its return from the cold to the hot chamber, thereby heating the gas before it re-enters the said hot chamber. Every time, therefore, that the said gas is transferred to and fro through the regenerator from the hot chamber to the In the hot chamber IIO bers, being opened by the falling cold and from the cold chamber to the hot it' is alternately cooled and heated by and withinthe regenerator.

Instead of a regenerator, a simpleduct or passage of any kind may be employed through which to transfer the gas from one'chamber to the other; but the use of a regenerator secures the largest economy of heat,

Valves V, of any preferred construction, may be employed in the hot and cold chambers to automatically open and close the entrance to the pipes leading from said chant bers to the regenerator. Said valves are or may be actuated by the liquid in said chamand closed by the rising of said liquid, thereby rendering it impossible for any of said liquids to pass from said chambers through the regenerator, while freely admitting the ingress and egress of the gas to and fro from said chambers through the regenerator. Said valves maybe dispensed with and the same purpose accomplished by slightly elongating the pipes 0 said pipes acting as hydrostatic columns, thereby neutralizing at the proper period any preponderance of weight or force in the counter-balance, hereinafter described, and so preventing the ascent of the liquid into the regenerator.

Heating-coils K K are or may be placed in chambers H H,for supplying heatv to the liquids therein, and cooling-coils L L in chambers C O, for keeping the liquids therein cool. Said coils are illustrated in Figs. 4 and 7, and contain in themselves no elements'of novelty. Heat of any desired temperature and from any source whatever, but preferably exhauststeam, is furnished to the heating-coils, and cold water or other fluid to the cooling-coils, thereby keeping the contents of chambers H H hot and of chambers G 0 cool. The quantity of cooling-fluid required is very largely reduced through the action of the regenerator in removing the heat from the gas before it enters the cold chamber. Said coils may be placed outside of the said generator and be suitably connected therewith. Any other variety of apparatus may be employedinstead of said coils to secure the desired thermal conditions of the said liquids.

Valves or faucets c 6 may be inserted in or.

connected with the chambers H and 0, through which the generators may be charged with the desired liquids and gas, by a pump or other injector, until the requisite internal pressure valves may be closed. The said pressure is always considerably greater than that of the external atmosphere, and may extend to a number of hundred pounds'to the square inch, being limited only by the strength of the generators.

Should any loss of gas or liquid take place from the generators, eitherby leakage orotherwise, the amount may be readily restored,without arresting the running of the engine, by simply opening the aforesaid valves and operating said pump or vinjector to the extent desired. It will therefore be observed that in this invention the contents of the generators, like those of a steam-boiler, are capable of performing their various operative functions independent of the pressure of the external atmosphere or isolated from communication therewith, while, if required, a continuousor an intermittent supply of liquid or gas from any source may at any t me be promptly furnished to said generators without arresting or interfering withtheir continuous operations.

It is -therefore in this operative sense only,

and not in the sense of absolute isolatiomthat 8Q the term isolated is usedin the claims forming part of this specification.

A safety-valve, d, is preferably applied to each generator as a protection against excessive pressure. A supplemental chamber or extension, S, Figs. 4 and 8, is or may be secured to the regenerator and communicate therewith'by an opening, or, preferably, by a series of openings or perforations, p p Fig. 8, extending from the interior-of said chamber 0 into theinterior of the generating-vessel. The said extension may have access through any part of the generating-vessel, but is preferably connected so as to communicate with the cold chamber thereof, as shown at Fig. 4. Said 5 supplemental chamber may communicate with the piston-cylinder M or other motive mechanism of an engine by any suitable pipe, duct, or port, 0. The said extension may have access to the hot chamber of the generatingvesrco sel, and the hot liquid instead of the cold be used as the medium for transmitting power from the generator to the engine; or the said extension may be entirely dispensed with and the said pipe or duct 0 be arranged so as to I05 communicate directly with either the hot or the cold chamber of said generator; or the said pipe or duct may be inserted in the upper part of the gencratingwessel and either the hot or the cold gas therein, instead of the said liquids, be employed as the medium for transmitting thepower generated therein to the motive mechanism of the engine.

The piston cylinder Mis or may be provided at each end with pipes or ducts 0, but other-211 wise possesses no features of novelty. The piston-rod P runs or may run through j both ends of the piston-cylinder, one end being attached to-the cross-head j, and thence, by a connecting-rod, t, and crank-pin 72, to a crank- [20 shaft and tly-wheel in any of the usualways.

The other end of the piston-rod is or may be attached to another cross-head orslide, f running in suitable guideways and provided with studs gg", each of saidstuds being adapted I25 to alternately actuate a spring, 1, as-shown in Figs. 1 and 4. Theinn'er end ofthis spring is fastened to a shaft or pin, F, on, which are secured oscillating armsFF said spring acting. as a lever to rock oroscillate said arms in 1 0 opposite directions. alternately. The end of the arm F is pivoted to the connecting-rodf, the other end of said rod being'pivoted to the elastic arm f Fig. l, whichis secured to and cured thereto by a pin movement of the against the spring i,

actnates the rockshaft D, thereby opening or closing the bellows B and effecting the various alternate displacements of the contents of said generating-vessels, as willbe hereinafter more .whichsaid co nnter-bal ance, preferably, sl ightly overbalancesthe weight of the liquid operating against either side of the bellows or head D, thereby enabling said liquids and gas to be oscillated or transferred from point to point in said generating-vessel with the expenditure of comparatively little power.

One end of'the arm F carries a pawl, q, se-

-or bolt which passes through the slot to and slides longitudinally therein. A spring, q, is secured. to said arm, one end of which presses against said pin and tends to keep it against the outer end of the slot, thereby keeping the point of the pawl in the teeth of'the rack until the tension of said spring is overcome. by the superior tension induced in spring i by the action of the pistonrod. As often as the movement of the piston nears its limit at the left-hand end of the cylinder the tension induced in spring 2' will act on the arms F F forcing the end of the pawl out of the teeth at the upper end of the curved segment m, as shown in Fig. 4, thereby rotating said arms until the pawl is carried from the teeth in the upper and into those in the lower end of saidsegment, as indicated by the dotted linesin Fig. 1. This action of the oscillating arms F F carries thecounter'balanceW over to the left side of the generator, and simultaneously opens the bellows in A and imparts to the liquids therein a movement which changes their relative positions, causing the cold liquid to rise to the top of the cham: ber O and the cold gas to pass from said chamber into the hot chamber H, thereby changing the pressure in said generator from its minimum to its maximum degree. The reverse piston brings the stud g and as said piston nears its limit at the righthand end of the cylinder said spring i presses the pawl out of the teeth in the lower end of the segment m and carries it into those in the upper section thereof, thereby closing the bellows in said generator and transferring the counter-balance and the.

contents of the generator to their former sition.

It will be seen from the above that the dis; placing and replacing movements of the gas are in each case effected when said piston is at the end of its strokesand while the crankpin h is passing the dead-center, or from x to 2, Fig. 5.

Numerous varieties of mechanism other than those shown in the drawings may be employed for transmitting motion from the engine to the 'erators and causes the transfer IS) acin ows ormova e ea wi in e l d' 11 g 1) ll bl 11 (1 th th generating-vessel.

The counterbalance-weight W may be dispensedwith and a spring or other deviceused as an equivalent therefor. One variety or form of spring which may be thus used is shown in Fig. 3, in which W is a spring under tension, its normal position beingshown by the dotted lines underneath it; D, a rock-shaft running through a generating-vessel, and is an arm connecting said rock-shaft with said spring by means of a rod, h. Any movement imparted to said rock-shaft will increase ordecrease the leverage of the arm k, and thereby'soactuate the said spring as to counterbalance the weight of the liquids when raised above their normal level and facilitate their alternate displacement and replacement by the bellows or movable head, as h'ereinbefore set forth. The dotted lines on the left in said Fig. 3 show the relative position of the arm k and rod h when reversed and acting on the opposite side.

The arms J J, carrying the counterbalanceweights \V, are or may be connected to each other by a rod, r r, and thereby both of said counter-balances be moved to and fro in either direction simultaneously and by the] use of oneactuating mechanism only-viz., the spring 2' and its several connections or substitutes.

This action of said rod on the said arms J Jis thereby transmitted to the contents of the genof the gas therein from one chamber to the other in each generator simultaneously. Various other devicesinstead of said rod may'be employed to effect this simultaneous transfer of the gas in each generator; but the rod is one of the simplest. The said rod may consistof one piece, but is preferably constructed with a joint, as shown at r, so as to allow a limited independent motion to either of said counter balances after the motion of theother has ceased. This slight independent movement is provided for in the coupling shown at r by the'spring therein, which spring allows a slight movement to either section of said rod after the mo tion of the other has been arrested. The pu rpose of this independent movement will be hereinafter set forth in describing the operation of the engine. Y

The generators A A correspond with each other, except that the hot and cold chambers, as well as the bellows in" either generator, are in a transposed or opposite relation to those in the other. By this arrangement of the parts in each and their coordinate and simultaneous action, the opening of the bellows in one generator closes the bellows in the other,

it follows that whenever the gas is at its highest temperature and tension in one generator it -will be at its lowest in. the other, and conin one gensequently whenever the liquids From this v erator are at their maximum pressure those n the other will be at their minimum, and

vice versa. a r

As herein shown, the pressure in each gen erator is at all times acting against its respective end of the piston 1?. Therefore said piston,

between these two pressures will represent the:

. operative power actingon the piston of said engine. This difference of pressure will correspond in amount with the difference-in temperature between the hot and cold liquids in said generators, said differential temperature being the source and measure of. said power.

As the power of the engine is derived. from the differential temperature of the liquids, we can obtain the same amount of power by keeping one ofsaid' liquids at a temperature of 150? and the other at 50 as by keeping one at 200 and the other at 100, the power being due not to the intensity ofthe heat applied, but to the difference between the two temperatures, as aforesaid. Theinvention therefore enables us to utilize heat of even a very low temperature and to convert itinto available motive power.

The operation of said engine is substantially as follows: The generators having been charged and the desired differential temperature 0b tained between the hot and cold chambers, as

hereinbefore set forth, the shifting of the counter-balance, either by the hand or otherwise, from the right to the left side of the generator A will open the bellows therein and impart a movement to the liquids and gas in said generator, changing their relative positions, causing the heated liquid in chamber H to descend and occupy the interior of the bellows, and the cold liquid in chamber Oto as.-

decreased in a corresponding degree.

cend andfill the space in said cold chamber,

thereby driving the gas out of said cold into the hot chamber, where, coming in contact with the hot plates 0, its temperature will be increased in proportion to the difference between said hot and cold chambers. Si1nul- 'taneous with these movements in A a corresponding series ofcountermovements will have taken place in A, and the gas in this generator will have had its tension thereby The gas and liquid in A will now be under their maximum pressure, and will therefore drive the piston P toward the generator A, forcing the gas or liquid in front of said piston'back into this generator, and thereby compressing the gas in the cold chamber there'ofto its original volume. When said piston nears the end of its stroke toward the generator A, the stud g acting on spring 2', as hereinbefore ex plained, will, while the crank-pin his passing the dead-center, cause said spring to' change the position of the liquids and gas in each generator, and thus develop themaximum pressure in A thereby reversing the direction of the force and driving said piston back against the'minimum pressure of the generator A; Said piston therefore moves in either going stroke of the piston under the maximum pressure of one generator enabling said wheel.

to make the returnstroke of said piston against the minimum pressure of the said generator.

Whenever the-gas is transferred to the hot chamber of one generator the liquid in the cold chamber thereof occu pies allthe space in said cold chamber, and the further opening of the bellows or head D is thereby arrested until the outflow of said cold liquid commences. In order that said outflow may take place without lowering the level of the liquid in said cold chamber, the further opening and extension of the bellows or head D is caused to continue therein as far as said outflow provides addi tional space therefor. Conversely, in the other generator the gas is in the cold chamber and the hot chamber is filled with the hot liquid. The return of the cold liquid and consequent compression of the gas-is thereby confined to the cold chamber. By these means the expansion of the gas is or may be confined to the hot chamber and its compression to the'cold chamber, and by so confiningthem the gas in the hot chamber is maintained at its maximum temperature during the outflow of the liquid or gas from the generator, thereby imparting the increased tension of said gas to said out-- flowing current during practically the whole period occupied by said outflow. The aforesaid furt-her opening and extensionof the bellows or head D in either generator is or may be effected through the differential orindependent moveinent permitted to the counterbalance connected therewith.

movement to each counterbalance, and thereby to each bellows or head D, the said 'diii ereir tial movement of said bellows or head being equal to and limited by said outflow. fIn the drawings, Fig. 4shows the bellows'in A in the act of opening and in A closing in a corresponding degree. When fully open, either bellows would extend to the line a.

In this specification the terms hot and ,cold are used in a-purely relative sense, hot simply signifying the .warmer and cold the cooler of the things referred to. Theterm gas isherein used in a broad ge- IIO Thejoint in the rodr r, hereinbefore explained, allows the requisite amount ofdifferentialorindependent ner'ic senseto designate any aeriform body except vapor, the vapors arising from the liquids employed in the generating-vessels being non-essential.

A The gas used in said generators is preferaployed. The liquids likewise are preferably .water covered with a stratum of oil, though other liquids may be used in lieu thereof or in combination therewith.

We are aware that various other means and modifications than those herein described may be employed in utilizing the several features of our invention. We do not, therefore, wish to be understood as limiting ourselves in any manner to the specific forms or varieties of devices, processes, or methods herein shown and described.

Having thus described the invention, what we herein claim as new is 1. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method of converting the ditierential temperature of liquids into operative motive power, which consists in putting said liquids and gas in, suitable chambers, isolating the liquidsfrom the pressure of the external atmosphere, alternately imparting said difl'erential temperature to and removing it from the gas by said liquids, thereby alternately increasing and decreasing the'pressure of said gas, and transmitting said increase of pressure alternately to the opposite ends of the power-piston of the engine.

2. In operating an engine derivi ngits power from the expansion of gas,the method of evolving motive power from hot liquid through the medium of gas, which consists in putting said liquid and gas in suitable chambers, isolating the liquid from the pressure of the external atmosphere, transmitting heat from the liquid to the gas, and transmitting the expansive force of said heated gas alternately to the op posit'e ends of the power-piston of the engine.

3. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method of evolving and transmitting motive power from hot liquid through the medium of gas and cold liquid, which consists in putting said liquids and gas in suitable chambers, isolating the,

liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, transmitting heat from the hot liquid to the gastransmitting the increasedpressure of the heated gas to the cold liquid, and transmitting the pressure of the cold liquid alternately to the opposite ends of the powerpiston of the engine. r

4. In operating an engine deriving its power from theexpansion of gas, the method which consists -in providing a generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, isolating said liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and causing the ascent of the hot liquid to be accompanied with the descent of the cold liquid, and theascent of the cold liquid to be accompanied with the descent of the hot liquid, for t he purpose set forth.

5. lnoperatlng an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas,'the method which consists in providing a generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, isolating said liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere. and causing the alternate ascent and descent of said liquids to transfer the gas alternately from the hot chamber to the cold and from the cold chamber to the hot, for the purpose set forth.

6. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansionof gas, the method which consists in providing a generator having ahot and a cold chamber containing, respectively,

a hot and a cold liquid and gas, isolating said.

liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and transferring said gas to and fro through the same channels from the hot chamher to the cold and from the cold chamber to the hot, for the purpose set forth.

7. In operating an enginederiving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator containing a hot and .a cold liquid and gas, alternately displacing and replacing said liquids and gas, and aiding or modifying said displacing and replacing movements by means of acounterbalance, substantially as set forth.

8. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas; and transferring the gas from the hot to the cold chamber by the automatic movement of liquid actuated by a bellows.

9. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator having ahot ICO and a cold chamber containing, respectively,

a hot and a cold liquid and gas, and transferring the gas from the cold to the hot chamber by the automatic movement of liquid actuated by a bellows.

10. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing agenerator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, and alternatelydisplacing and replacing both of said liquids by the automatic action of one bellows or movable head.

11. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providinga generator having a hot and a cold chamber containing, respectively,

ahot and-"arcold liquid and gas, and alter- I n'ately displacing and replacing both of said liquids and said gas by the automatic action of one bellows ormovable head.

12. In operating an engine'deriving itspower from the-expansionof gas, the method which consists in preventing the gas from passing from the hot to the cold chamber of a generator during the period of its expansion by the automatic action of a valve actuated by a liquid in said cold chamber. J

consists in 13. In operating an engine deri ving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in preventing the gas from passing from the cold to the'hot chamber of a generator during the period of its compression by the automatic action of a valve actuated by a liquid in said hot chamber.

14. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator containing liquid in contact with gas, transferring said gas through a regenerator, and preventing the transfer or passage of said liquid by the automatic action of a valve actuated by a liquid.

15. In operating anenginederivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method of trans ferring gas through a regenerator, which consists in putting liquid and gas in a generator connected or communicating with aregenerator, isolating said liquid from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and impelling said gas through said regenerator by the automatic movement of said liquid.

16. In operating an engine derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method of transferring gas from a cold to a hot chamber through a regenerator, which consists in isolating a liquid in the cold chamber of agenerator from the pressure of the external atmosphere and impelling the gas from said cold chamber through the regeneratorinto said hot chamber by'the automatic movement of the liquid in said cold chamber.

17. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method ottransferring gas from a hot to a cold chamber through a regenerator, which consists in isolating a liquid in the hot chamber of a generator from the pressure of the external atmos phere and impelling the gas from said hot chamber through the regenerator into said cold chamber by the automatic movement of the liquid in said hot chamber.

18. In operating an engine derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method which )rovidiug a generator having a hot and acold hamber containing, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, and transferring said gas to'and frothrough a regenerator from thehbt chamber to the cold and from the cold chamber to the hot by the automatic move-- ments of said liquids-actuated by a bellows.

19. In operating an-engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator having ahot and a cold chamber containing, respectively, a

hot and a cold liquid and gas,isolating said liquids from the pressure of the external-atmosphere, and transferring said gas-to and fro through a regenerator from the hot chamber to the cold and from the cold chamber to the hot by the automatic movements of said liqnids actuated by a movable head.

20. In operating an engine derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method of cooling the gas, which consists in providinga generator having a cold chamber containing cold liquid in contact with gas, isolatingthe liquid I t'rom'the pressure of the external atmosphere, transferring the heat from said gas to an absorbing-pack in said cold chamber, and then transferring the heat from said pack to said cold liquid.

21. In operating an engine deriving its power said pack to the said cold liquid, for the purpose set forth.

22. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator containing a cold liquid in contact with gas, dividing said liquid or-gas into sheets or thin sections by an absorbing-pack of closely-spaced plates, and

transferring the heat from said gas to said absorbing-pack and from said pack to said cold liquid, for the purpose set forth.

23. In operating an engine'derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providingagenerator containing a hot liquid and gas, dividing said liquid into sheets or thin sections by an absorbing-pack of closely-spaced plates, and transferring heat from-said liquid to said absorbing-pack and from said pack to said gas, for the purpose set forth.

24. In operating an engine deriving itspower from the expansion of gas, the method which.

consists in providing a generator-containinga hot liquid and gas, dividingsaid gas into sheets or thin sections by an absorbing pack of cl oselyspaced plates, and-transferring heat from said liquid to said absorbing-pack and from said pack to said gas, for the purpose set forth.

'25. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing a generator containing hot liquid and gas, isolatingsaid liquid from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and transmitting heat from heating coils or apparatus to said liquid, from said liquid to an absorbingpaek, from said pack to said gas, and from said IIO.

gas to a regenerator, for the purpose set forth.

26. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing agenerator containing a hot and a cold liquid and gas, isolating said w liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, transmitting heat from heating coils or apparatus to the hot liquid and from the hot liquid tothe gas, transferring said gas through a regenerator from the hot to the cold chan1- her, and transferring heat from said gas to an absorbing-pack in said cold chamber, from said pack to said cold liquid, and-from said liquid to cooling coils or apparatus, for the purpose set forth.

27. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in transmitting heat from steam to a liquid and from said liquid to a gas, for the purpose set forth.

28. In operatingan engine derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in transmitting heat from steam to a liquid, transmitting heat from said liquid to a gas, and transmitting the expansiveforce of said heated gas to the motive mechanism of the engine, forthe purpose set forth.

29. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in transmitting heat from steam to a liquid, transmitting heat from said liquid to a gas, transmitting the pressure of said heated gas to a liquid, and transmitting the pressure of said-liquid to the motivemechanism of the engine, for the purpose set forth.

30. In operating an engine derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in transmitting heat from steam to a liquid in a generator, from said liquid to an absorbing-pack in the hot chamber, from said pack to said gas, and from said gas to a regenerator, for the purpose set forth.

31. In operatingan enginederivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method whereby the expansion of the gas in one generator is caused to compress the gas in another generator, which consists in placing liquid and gas in each of twogenerators, isolating said liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, heating the gas in one of said generators by means of the hot liquid therein, and trans mitting the tension of said heated gas to the motive mechanism of the engine, and through said mechanism to the gas in the other generator, thereby compressing the gas in said other generator, for the purpose set forth.

32. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion ofgas, the method whereby the pressure of a liquid outflowing from one generator is caused to compress the gas in another generator, which consists in placing liquid and gas in each of two generators, isolat' ing said liquids from the pressure of the ex ternal atmosphere, heating the gas in one of said chambers by means of a hot liquid, trans mitting the pressure'of said heated gas to a liquid and causing an outflow of said liquid, and

transmitting the pressure of said outflowing .contents of both said generators, for the purpose set forth.

,34. In operating an engi ne deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing two generators, each generator having a hot and a cold chamber con taining, respectively, a hot and a cold liquid and gas, and' simultaneously transferring the gas from the hot chamber to the cold in one generator and from the cold chamber to the hot in the other generator, for the purpose set forth.

35. In operating an engine derivingits power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing two generators, each generator containing a hot and a cold liquid and gas, isolating said liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and causing the gas in each generator alternately to attain its maxi mum pressure and to transmit said pressure to the motive mechanism of the engine, for the ,.purpose set forth.

36. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method which consists in providing two generators, each generator containinga hot and a cold liquid and gas, isolating said liquids from the pressure of the external atmosphere, and causing the liq- 5 uid in each generator alternately to attain its maximum pressure and to transmit said pressure to the motive mechanism of the engine, for the purpose set forth.-

37. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method of imparting a reciprocating motion to the powerpiston of said engine, which consists in alter- 'nately subjecting the opposite ends of said piston to the expansive force of gas heated by xo5 liquid.

38. In operating an engine deriving its power from the expansion of gas, the method of maintaining a reciprocating motion of the powerpiston of said engine by the pressure of liquid, no which consists in alternately subjecting the opposite ends of said piston to the pressure of liquid actuated by gas heated by liquid.

In testimony that we claim the foregoing we have hereunto set our hands this 29th day I 15 of April, 1885.

JAMES S. BALDWIN. BENJAMIN W. BRADFORD.

Witnesses:

' CHARLES H. PELL,

FR EDERIOK F. CAMPBELL. 

